PARTICIPLE PHRASES

Participle phrases are composed of a participle, a modifier, and a pronoun or a noun phrase. Participle phrases can be divided into two categories: present and past.

Look at the six types of participle clause below.

Type	Full clause	Participle clause
To give a reason	She couldn’t apply for the job as she wasn’t qualified.	Not being qualified, she couldn’t apply for the job.
To show a condition	If the pay is sufficiently competitive, the job will attract good applicants.	Given sufficiently pay, the job will attract good applicants.
To give a result	The value of the company rose with the result that the owners made a considerable profit.	The value of the company rose, making the owners considerable profit.
To show a time	While the manager made his speech, he showed a set of powerpoint slides.	Making his speech, the manager showed a set of powerpoint slides
To replace a relative clause	The accountant, who was doing extra hours, managed to complete all the accounts in time.	The accountant, having done extra hours, managed to complete all the accounts in time.
After a preposition	After he reached the age of 75, the chairman retired.	After reaching the age of 75, the chairman retired.

TRY THIS OUT!

Rewrite the sentences 1-5 using participle clauses.

1. Because she got such excellent qualifications, she didn’t have problems getting her first job.

2. After he had graduated, he spent some time on a gap year.

3. My manager, who has just given in his notice, wants me to leave too and work with him.

4. Provided that the job is completed step by step, it won’t be difficult.

5. While the teacher had offered a lot of help, she still encouraged her student to work autonomously.

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